МОНГОЛІЯ: ЯК ВИЖИТИ НА ПРОСТОРІ МІЖ КИТАЄМ І РОСІЙСЬКОЮ ФЕДЕРАЦІЄЮ?
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2021/1-53/4-8Ключові слова:
Монголія, Китай, Російська Федерація, гірничо-видобувний комплекс, інвестиції, туризмАнотація
Відомо, що в історичний ретроспективі Монголія стала єдиною країною, якій удалось вепоху Чингісхана і його наступників завоювати як території Китаю, так і значні за площею землі слов'янських народів. Згодом відбувся розпад Монгольської імперії і нині вже її правонаступниця змушена існувати в оточенні колишніх васальних володінь, що стали одними з найсильніших держав планети у військово-технічному й економічному розумінні. Зовнішня політика Монголії з балансування між Китайською Народною Республікою (КНР) і Російською Федерацією (РФ) викликає значний інтерес, оскільки її вивчення дає можливість встановити комплекс заходів, за допомогою яких порівняно слабка й ізольована країна зберігає незалежність у такому несприятливому геополітичному оточенні.
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