ЕВОЛЮЦІЯ ІРАНО-САУДІВСЬКИХ ВІДНОСИН З ЧАСІВ ПРОГОЛОШЕННЯ ІСЛАМСЬКОЇ РЕСПУБЛІКИ
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17721/1728-2292.2024/1-58/61-72Ключові слова:
Ісламська Республіка Іран, Королівство Саудівська Аравія, Перська Затока, регіональна безпекаАнотація
Вступ. Ісламська Республіка Іран, чия політична стратегія у Перській затоці покликана сприяти домінуванню країни у регіоні, неминуче стикається з реакцією іншого впливового регіонального суперника – Королівства Саудівська Аравія. З моменту проголошення Ісламської республіки відносини обох країн вирізняються нестабільною динамікою у зв'язку з глибоким антагонізмом, який формується зважаючи на вплив внутрішньо- та зовнішньополітичних факторів. Метою публікації був аналіз еволюції ірано-саудівських зв'язків та виокремлення ключових факторів, які визначають динаміку відносин та формують причини конфронтації.
Методи. У роботі було використано такі загальнологічні методи як аналіз, дедукція, індукція та абстрагування. Було застосовано історичний метод, компаративний метод, метод моделювання, а також методи контекстуального та критичного аналізу.
Результати. Виявлено взаємопов'язаність внутрішньополітичної динаміки Ірану з характером відносин з Саудівською Аравією. У якості ключових конфліктогенних факторів визначено природу політичних режимів обох країн, конфесійні відмінності, ідеологічний дискурс Ісламської республіки, національний ідентифікатор, а також боротьбу за регіональне домінування. Інтенсифікація конфлікту обумовлюється особливостями регіональних альянсів, присутністю Сполучених Штатів у регіоні й активною співпрацею Саудівської Аравії та США, зв'язками іранської сторони зі збройними угрупованнями, що діють у регіоні, а також характером ядерної програми ІРІ. Також було визначено, що США та Китай, впливають на еволюцію цих відносин.
Висновки. На основі аналізу результатів дослідження можна зробити висновок, що відносини Ісламської Республіки Іран і Королівства Саудівська Аравія містять комплекс проблем через вплив низки взаємопов'язаних конфліктогенних факторів, які провокують конфронтацію. Разом з тим, урегулювання даного конфлікту є можливим за участі позарегіональних акторів.
Посилання
Список використаних джерел (укр.):
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Al Saied, N. (2021, 27 серпня). Sectarianism and ideology: The cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/sectarianism-and-ideology-cases-iran-and-saudi-arabia
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Almaari, F. (2023, 16 березня). Clarifying the Status of Previous Iran-Saudi Agreements. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/clarifying-status-previous-iran-saudi-agreements
Azizi, H. (2023, 14 вересня). Iran’s "Look East" Strategy: Continuity and Change under Raisi. Middle East Council on Global Affairs. https://mecouncil.org/publication/irans-look-east-strategy-continuity-and-change-under-raisi/
Babakr, A., & Abdullah, T. W. (2022). Soft Power in Iran's Foreign Policy. Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal, 7(4), 998–1024. https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.4.39
Cafiero, G., & Milliken, E. (2023, 19 травня). Analysis: How important is Syria's return to the Arab League? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/analysis-how-important-is-syrias-return-to-the-arab-league
Chehayeb, K. (2022, 12 квітня). Saudi Arabia rekindles ties with cash-strapped Lebanon. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/12/saudi-arabia-rekindles-ties-with-cash-strapped-lebanon
Eoyang, M., Peters, A., Mehta, I., & Gaskew, B. (2019). Country Brief: Saudi Arabia and its role in Yemen. 2019 HOT TOPICS IN NATIONAL SECURITY. Third Way, 54–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20154.8
Feierstein, G. M. (2019, 20 листопада). Traces of the 1979 assault on the Grand Mosque still roil the Middle East today. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/blog/traces-1979-assault-grand-mosque-still-roil-middle-east-today
Gaub, F. (2016). War of words: Saudi Arabia v Iran. European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_2_Saudi_Arabia___Iran_01.pdf
Ghadbeigy, Z., Moosavian, S. S., & Jafari, M. (2022). The Impact of the Nuclear Program on Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 10–22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360264312_The_Impact_of_the_Nuclear_Program_on_Iran-Saudi_Arabia_Relations
Goldberg, R. (2023, 13 вересня). A Dangerous Strategy: Examining the Biden Administration's Failures on Iran. FDD. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/09/13/a-dangerous-strategy-examining-the-biden-administrations-failures-on-iran/
Guzansky, Y., & Orion, A. (2017). Slowly but Surely: Growing Relations between Saudi Arabia and China (INSS Insight No. 891). Institute for National Security Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08664
Hadžikadunić, E. (2019, 24 листопада). Insight 215: Iran–Saudi Ties: Can History Project Their Trajectory? International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES). https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/insight-215-iran-saudi-ties-can-history-project-their-trajectory/4492
Harrison, R. (2021). Gulf Cooperation Council: A House Divided. The GCC versus Iran: Low Intensity War, High Intensity Conflict. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, 10–13. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep31116.7
Hubbard, B., Karasz, P., & Reed, S. (2019, 14 вересня). Two Major Saudi Oil Installations Hit by Drone Strike, and U.S. Blames Iran (Published 2019). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/14/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-refineries-drone-attack.html
Hunter, S. T. (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in The Post-Soviet Era. Praeger
Joint trilateral statement by the People's Republic of China, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. (2023, 10 березня). Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Sweden. http://se.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw_0/202303/t20230311_11039241.htm
Kahl, C. H., Dalton, M. G., & Irvine, M. (2013). ATOMIC KINGDOM: IF IRAN BUILDS THE BOMB, WILL SAUDI ARABIA BE NEXT? Center for a New American Security. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06372
Kendall, E. (2017). Iran’s Fingerprints in Yemen: Real or Imagined? Atlantic Council. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16801
Kuwait insists Iran has no right In disputed maritime oil field. (2023, 7 квітня). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202307036932
Litvak, M. (2017). Iran and Saudi Arabia: Religious and Strategic Rivalry. J. Teitelbaum (Ed.), Saudi Arabia, the Gulf, and the New Regional Landscape. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 49–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04754.10
Maini, T. S. (2024, 7 березня). China-Iran economic ties: Beyond the hype and rhetoric – The Geopolitics. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics.com/china-iran-economic-ties-beyond-the-hype-and-rhetoric/
Monshipouri, M. (2019). Middle East Politics: Changing Dynamics. Taylor & Francis Group
Mostafa, A. (2023, 10 березня). Iran and Saudi Arabia to resume relations after tensions. The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/10/iran-says-saudi-arabia-to-resume-relations-after-tensions/
Mumtaz, K. (2005). CHANGING PATTERNS OF IRAN-GCC RELATIONS. Strategic Studies, 25(4), 7–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45242681
Nonneman, G. (2004). The Gulf States and the Iran-Iraq War: Pattern Shifts and Continuities. Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War (с. 167–192). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980427_9
One year since detente, tensions remain between Iran, Saudi Arabia. (2024, 11 березня). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202403119522
Perkovich, G. (2006, 9 травня). Ahmadinejad's Letter to Bush. Carnegie endowment for international peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2006/05/09/ahmadinejad-s-letter-to-bush-pub-18317
Potter, L. G. (2002, 15 грудня). GULF WAR and PERSIA. Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gulf-war-and-persia
Rome, H., & Rumley, G. (2023, 15 березня). What Beijing's Iran-Saudi Deal Means—and What It Doesn't. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/what-beijings-iran-saudi-deal-means-and-what-it-doesnt
Saeed, Y. (2023, 8 червня). Saudi Arabia Makes Soft Power Comeback in Iraq. Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. https://agsiw.org/saudi-arabia-makes-soft-power-comeback-in-iraq/
Saikal, A. (2019). Iran Rising: The Survival and Future of the Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press
Saikal, A., & Vestenskov, D. (2020, 20 лютого). Iran's National Security and Operational Capability. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. https://sjms.nu/articles/10.31374/sjms.29
Saudi King invites Syria's Assad to attend Arab League summit. (2023, 10 травня). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-king-invites-syrias-assad-attend-arab-league-summit-syrian-state-media-2023-05-10/
Saudi Reinstates Pilgrimage Flights To Iranians After Detente. (2024, 24 квітня). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202404243908
Silber, C. (2023, 15 березня). China's Track Record on Middle East Diplomacy. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/chinas-track-record-middle-east-diplomacy
Stephens, M. (2023, 11 березня). Why the China-brokered Iran-Saudi deal heralds a new era of geopolitics. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/03/11/why-china-brokered-iran-saudi-arabia-deal-new-era-geopolitics/
Tabatabai, A. (2020, 12 травня). How Iran was hit by and could overcome the COVID-19 crisis. European Policy Centre. https://www.epc.eu/en/publications/How-Iran-was-hit-by-and-could-overcome-the-COVID-19-crisis~330a68
Terrill, W. A. (2011). The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and the Future of Middle East Security. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/142831/pub1094.pdf (Оригінал опубліковано 2011 р.)
Years of secretive talks behind Saudi-Iran rapprochement. (2023, 10 березня). The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/10/years-of-secretive-talks-behind-saudi-iran-rapprochement/
Zaccara, L. (2019). Iran and the Intra-GCC Crisis: Risks and Opportunities. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19688
Zalayat, I., & Guzansky, Y. (2023). The Gulf States and the Israel-Hamas War. Institute for National Security Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep54871
Список використаних джерел (англ.):
Abuamer, M. (2023). Saudi Arabia and Iran: Politics as the Dynamo of Economics. Ties That Don't Bind: The Politics of Saudi-Iranian Trade Relations. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, 11–20. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep52979.5
Al Saied, N. (2021, August 27). Sectarianism and ideology: The cases of Iran and Saudi Arabia. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/publications/sectarianism-and-ideology-cases-iran-and-saudi-arabia
Alharbi, R. (2021). Impact of COVID-19 on Saudi Arabia's economy: Evidence from macro-micro modelling. PSU Research Review. https://doi.org/10.1108/prr-08-2021-0039
Almaari, F. (2023, March 16). Clarifying the Status of Previous Iran-Saudi Agreements. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/clarifying-status-previous-iran-saudi-agreements
Azizi, H. (2023, September 14). Iran's "Look East" Strategy: Continuity and Change under Raisi. Middle East Council on Global Affairs. https://mecouncil.org/publication/irans-look-east-strategy-continuity-and-change-under-raisi/
Babakr, A., & Abdullah, T. W. (2022). Soft Power in Iran's Foreign Policy. Qalaai Zanist Scientific Journal, 7(4), 998–1024. https://doi.org/10.25212/lfu.qzj.7.4.39
Cafiero, G., & Milliken, E. (2023, May 19). Analysis: How important is Syria's return to the Arab League? Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/5/19/analysis-how-important-is-syrias-return-to-the-arab-league
Chehayeb, K. (2022, April 12). Saudi Arabia rekindles ties with cash-strapped Lebanon. Al Jazeera. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2022/4/12/saudi-arabia-rekindles-ties-with-cash-strapped-lebanon
Eoyang, M., Peters, A., Mehta, I., & Gaskew, B. (2019). Country Brief: Saudi Arabia and its role in Yemen. 2019 HOT TOPICS IN NATIONAL SECURITY. Third Way, 54–63. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep20154.8
Feierstein, G. M. (2019, November 20). Traces of the 1979 assault on the Grand Mosque still roil the Middle East today. Middle East Institute. https://www.mei.edu/blog/traces-1979-assault-grand-mosque-still-roil-middle-east-today
Gaub, F. (2016). War of words: Saudi Arabia v Iran. European Union Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_2_Saudi_Arabia___Iran_01.pdf
Ghadbeigy, Z., Moosavian, S. S., & Jafari, M. (2022). The Impact of the Nuclear Program on Iran-Saudi Arabia Relations. Research Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 1(1), 10–22. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/360264312_The_Impact_of_the_Nuclear_Program_on_Iran-Saudi_Arabia_Relations
Goldberg, R. (2023, September 13). A Dangerous Strategy: Examining the Biden Administration's Failures on Iran. FDD. https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2023/09/13/a-dangerous-strategy-examining-the-biden-administrations-failures-on-iran/
Guzansky, Y., & Orion, A. (2017). Slowly but Surely: Growing Relations between Saudi Arabia and China (INSS Insight No. 891). Institute for National Security Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep08664
Hadžikadunić, E. (2019, November 24). Insight 215: Iran–Saudi Ties: Can History Project Their Trajectory? International Institute for Middle East and Balkan Studies (IFIMES). https://www.ifimes.org/en/researches/insight-215-iran-saudi-ties-can-history-project-their-trajectory/4492
Harrison, R. (2021). Gulf Cooperation Council: A House Divided. The GCC versus Iran: Low Intensity War, High Intensity Conflict. Arab Center for Research & Policy Studies, 10–13. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep31116.7
Hubbard, B., Karasz, P., & Reed, S. (2019, September14). Two Major Saudi Oil Installations Hit by Drone Strike, and U.S. Blames Iran (Published 2019). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/09/14/world/middleeast/saudi-arabia-refineries-drone-attack.html
Hunter, S. T. (2010). Iran's Foreign Policy in The Post-Soviet Era. Praeger
Joint trilateral statement by the People's Republic of China, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, and the Islamic Republic of Iran. (2023, March 10). Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Kingdom of Sweden. http://se.china-embassy.gov.cn/eng/zgxw_0/202303/t20230311_11039241.htm
Kahl, C. H., Dalton, M. G., & Irvine, M. (2013). ATOMIC KINGDOM: IF IRAN BUILDS THE BOMB, WILL SAUDI ARABIA BE NEXT? Center for a New American Security. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep06372
Kendall, E. (2017). Iran's Fingerprints in Yemen: Real or Imagined? Atlantic Council. https://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep16801
Kuwait insists Iran has no right In disputed maritime oil field. (2023, 7 квітня). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202307036932
Litvak, M. (2017). Iran and Saudi Arabia: Religious and Strategic Rivalry. J. Teitelbaum (Ed.), Saudi Arabia, the Gulf, and the New Regional Landscape. Begin-Sadat Center for Strategic Studies, 49–54. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep04754.10
Maini, T. S. (2024, March 7). China-Iran economic ties: Beyond the hype and rhetoric – The Geopolitics. The Geopolitics. https://thegeopolitics.com/china-iran-economic-ties-beyond-the-hype-and-rhetoric/
Monshipouri, M. (2019). Middle East Politics: Changing Dynamics. Taylor & Francis Group
Mostafa, A. (2023, March 10). Iran and Saudi Arabia to resume relations after tensions. The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/10/iran-says-saudi-arabia-to-resume-relations-after-tensions/
Mudriyevska, I. (2017). The attitude of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia towards the nuclear program of the Islamic Republic of Iran. In Beyond the Vistula and the Dnipro. Poland and Ukraine in the European perspective – past and present (pp. 133–137). Borys Grinchenko Kyiv University. https://elibrary.ivinas.gov.ua/3878/1/2017.pdf [in Ukrainian]
Mumtaz, K. (2005). CHANGING PATTERNS OF IRAN-GCC RELATIONS. Strategic Studies, 25(4), 7–28. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45242681
Nonneman, G. (2004). The Gulf States and the Iran-Iraq War: Pattern Shifts and Continuities. Iran, Iraq, and the Legacies of War (с. 167–192). Palgrave Macmillan US. https://doi.org/10.1057/9781403980427_9
One year since detente, tensions remain between Iran, Saudi Arabia. (2024, March 11). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202403119522
Perkovich, G. (2006, May 9). Ahmadinejad's Letter to Bush. Carnegie endowment for international peace. https://carnegieendowment.org/2006/05/09/ahmadinejad-s-letter-to-bush-pub-18317
Potter, L. G. (2002, 15 грудня). GULF WAR and PERSIA. Encyclopædia Iranica. https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/gulf-war-and-persia
Rome, H., & Rumley, G. (2023, March 15). What Beijing's Iran-Saudi Deal Means—and What It Doesn't. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/what-beijings-iran-saudi-deal-means-and-what-it-doesnt
Saeed, Y. (2023, June 8). Saudi Arabia Makes Soft Power Comeback in Iraq. Arab Gulf States Institute in Washington. https://agsiw.org/saudi-arabia-makes-soft-power-comeback-in-iraq/
Saikal, A. (2019). Iran Rising: The Survival and Future of the Islamic Republic. Princeton University Press
Saikal, A., & Vestenskov, D. (2020, February 20). Iran's National Security and Operational Capability. Scandinavian Journal of Military Studies. https://sjms.nu/articles/10.31374/sjms.29
Saudi King invites Syria's Assad to attend Arab League summit. (2023, May 10). Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/saudi-king-invites-syrias-assad-attend-arab-league-summit-syrian-state-media-2023-05-10/
Saudi Reinstates Pilgrimage Flights To Iranians After Detente. (2024, March 24). Iran International. https://www.iranintl.com/en/202404243908
Silber, C. (2023, March 15). China's Track Record on Middle East Diplomacy. The Washington Institute. https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/chinas-track-record-middle-east-diplomacy
Stephens, M. (2023, March 11). Why the China-brokered Iran-Saudi deal heralds a new era of geopolitics. The Telegraph. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/03/11/why-china-brokered-iran-saudi-arabia-deal-new-era-geopolitics/
Tabatabai, A. (2020, May 12). How Iran was hit by and could overcome the COVID-19 crisis. European Policy Centre. https://www.epc.eu/en/publications/How-Iran-was-hit-by-and-could-overcome-the-COVID-19-crisis~330a68
Terrill, W. A. (2011). The Saudi-Iranian Rivalry and the Future of Middle East Security. Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College. https://www.files.ethz.ch/isn/142831/pub1094.pdf (The original was published in 2011)
Years of secretive talks behind Saudi-Iran rapprochement. (2023, March 10). The National. https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2023/03/10/years-of-secretive-talks-behind-saudi-iran-rapprochement/
Zaccara, L. (2019). Iran and the Intra-GCC Crisis: Risks and Opportunities. Istituto Affari Internazionali (IAI). http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep19688
Zalayat, I., & Guzansky, Y. (2023). The Gulf States and the Israel-Hamas War. Institute for National Security Studies. http://www.jstor.org/stable/resrep54871